I got a science degree in the 1990's and am running a few ideas on chatGPT5.
I wondered if I could recreate the Edwin Hubble graph of the universe with modern data.
Hubble looked at areas of the sky with his telescope where there appear to be fuzzy cloud type objects. In the Andromeda area could he saw a special type of variable star called a Cephid variable. Using this star allows you to calculate distance and he realised that Andromeda is so far away (2.5 million light years) that it was another Galaxy.
The next step is the easy one you put the light from Andromeda through a prism (diffraction grating) and then you can see little black lines in the spectra like you see in our sun. However the absorption lines are slightly moved to the left a little bit and then you can calculate from this the blue shift and so the velocity of the Galaxy.
So Hubble did this with 24 Galaxies and then plotted them onto a graph of Velocity vs Distance. He got a straight line and surprisingly saw 3 blue shifted Galaxies coming towards and 21 Galaxies flying away from us (red shifted). Also the further the Galaxy the faster the velocity.

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